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- Name : Phosphorus
- Symbol : P
- Atomic # : 15
- Atom weight: 30.9738
- Melting P. : 44.1
- Boiling P. : 280
- Oxidation : +3, -3, +5
- Pronounced : FOS-fer-es
- From : Greek phosphoros, "bringer of light"
- Identified : Hennig Brand in 1669
- Appearance : The most common white form is a waxy, phosphorescent solid
- Note : This element is noted for its ability to grow in the dark
-
- [Properties]
-
- Phosphorus belongs to the nitrogen group, Group VA, on the periodic table
- of the elements. It is a nonmetal, or metalloid, having properties closer to
- those of Sulfur (S) and arsenic (As) than to silicon (Si) and nitrogen in
- the same portion of the table.
- Phosphorus has ten known allotropic forms. This is an unusually large
- number of allotropes for any element, but the picture can be greatly
- simplified by placing each of them into one of three general categories:
- white, red, and black phosphorus.
- White phorphorus is a white, waxy substance that usually takes on a
- slightly yellow tinge due to the presence of impurities. There are two major
- allotropic forms of white phosphorus. The alpha form has a subic crystalline
- structure and is stable down to -78 degrees where it turns into the beta
- form. The beta form is somewhat more dense and has a hexagonal crystalline
- structure.
- Red phosphorus is formed by exposing white phosphorus to sunlight or
- heating it at about 250 degrees. Black phosphorus is also produced by
- heating white phosphorus, but in the presence of a mercury catalyst and seed
- crystal of black phosphorus.
- White phosphorus is by far the most volatile and explosive of the three
- basic allotropic forms. It is also the msot useful in the production of
- other compounds of phosphorus. Red phosphorus is, itself, a fairly stable
- form, but the heat from the simple friction is enough to convert it to
- explosive white phosphorus. This feature is used to great advantage in the
- manufacture of safely matches. Black phosphorus is the least reaction and
- has the least commercial value.
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